1/18/2024 0 Comments Map congress vienna![]() Prussia expands to include a part of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, Swedish Pomerania, over half of Saxony, and above all, the greater part of the Rhineland. ![]() The decisions taken in Vienna redraw the political map of Europe. Two principles dominate the negotiations: the preservation of political equilibrium among the powers, and the restoration of old dynasties, driven out by the revolutionary wave. Under the leadership of the four great victors over France: the United Kingdom, Austria, Prussia and Russia, the European countries meet in Vienna to determine the fate of the territories that were shattered by the Napoleonic conquests, and reconstruct a European order. Please click on print version (below) for a larger version with enhanced resolution.īy permission of Oxford University Press, the wake of Napoleon’s defeat, Europe is left deeply disorganized after nearly a quarter century of revolution and war. ![]() The war was an important step on the path to a “small German” solution of the national question – i.e., without Austria – and the creation of the German Reich in 1871. The Confederation was dissolved after the Austro-Prussian War of 1866. A few years later, it fell apart due to the increasingly stark contrast between Prussia and Austria. The German Confederation survived the revolutions of 1848/49 and was formally restored in 1850. Under the influence of the conservative Austrian chancellor Clemens von Metternich, it acted more as a bulwark against demands for national unity and democratic participation by decreeing constitutions, and it also insisted firmly on the monarchical principle. In the years after 1815, during the Vormärz period, it became clear that the German Confederation did not view itself as a precursor to a German national state. Lübeck, Hamburg, Bremen, and Frankfurt am Main remained free cities and participated in the Confederation as such. Additionally, the Confederation included the kingdoms of Bavaria, Württemberg, and Saxony, the Electorate of Hesse, the Grand Duchies of Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Strelitz, Oldenburg, and Saxony-Weimar, as well as various smaller duchies and princedoms primarily in central Germany. The kings of Great Britain, Denmark, and the Netherlands also belonged to the Confederation, since they governed the Kingdom of Hanover (until 1837), the Duchy of Holstein, and the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, respectively, in a personal union. Austria had lost the Habsburg Netherlands (Belgium), but gained territories in Italy, on the Adriatic Sea and in eastern Europe. ![]() Prussia had received part of Saxony at the Congress of Vienna as well as sizable territories in the Rhineland and Westphalia, and with these additions its expanse had moved westward. Only a portion of their respective territories belonged to the Confederation. ![]() The two dominant powers were Prussia and Austria. A parliament was created in Frankfurt am Main it convened under Austrian chairmanship and was expandable into a federal assembly. The member states remained sovereign, but the respective governments were bound by the majority decisions of the Confederation. Instead, the German princes and the remaining free cities united in a confederation of states at the Congress of Vienna in 1815: the German Confederation. From Vormärz to Prussian Dominance (1815-1866)Īfter the end of the Napoleonic reign in Europe, no German national state was created in Central Europe – the sovereignty claims of the princes and the polarity between the Kingdom of Prussia and the Austrian Empire prevented that. ![]()
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